Quantum dipole battery

ABSTRACT

An electric energy storage device has first and second conductor layers, a plastic sheet, a quantum dot, and positive and negative electrodes wherein the first and second conductor layers has surfaces coated with ionic or dipole material. The first conductor layer is stacked on top of the second conductor layer with a nanometer-scale interval and with the ionic material layer inbetween, forming a bilayer structure and a quantum heterostructure. Millions of bilayers are stacked together to form a multilayer structure. A positive electrode is attached to the first conductor layer and a negative electrode is attached to the last conductor layer, wherein the first and second conductor layers store electrical energy in the bilayer in a form of binding energy.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/291,019 for “Super Electrical Battery” filed on Oct. 11,2016 and Ser. No. 13/891,018 for “ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE” filedon May 9, 2013.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is desirable to develop ways of storing the electrical energygenerated by various sources so that it can be used when it is needed.

The present invention relates to an electric energy storage device. Moreparticularly, this invention relates to an electric energy storagedevice, which has ultra high capacity. This invention disclosed a novelphysical mechanism entirely different from the mechanism of conventionalbattery and capacitor. This has come up with an innovative approach thathas garnered significant interest

In order to compete with cheaper fossil-fuel power systems, the batteryshould be cheap to build with abundant materials on earth, and storeenormous amounts of energy per weight.

An improved method for storage of electrical energy is one of the mainchallenges for inventors. A revolutionary improved method for electricalenergy storage is presented.

The novel electric energy storage device develops a capacitance by amechanism entirely different from the mechanism of other ionic batteryor other electrochemical battery or other kind of super capacitor usingactivated carbon and electrolytes.

The present invention provides a revolutionary novel electric energystorage cell whose electrical energy capacity is approximately more than10 MWh/Kg. This breakthrough shows promise to resolve current energycrisis and global warming problems.

The recent development of advanced electronics society requires electricenergy storage devices which has an ultra high capacity. Conventionalenergy storage devices are limited by many kinds of problems, and one ofthem is the energy storing capacity and high manufacturing cost.

Accordingly, a need for an electric energy storage device has beenpresent for a long time considering the expansive demands in theeveryday life. This invention is directed to solve these problems andsatisfy the long-felt need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention contrives to solve the disadvantages of the priorart.

An object of the invention is to provide an electric energy storagedevice of ultra high capacity by introducing a revolutionary novelmethod.

An electric energy storage device comprises a first conductor layer, asecond conductor layer, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode.

The first conductor layer has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipolematerial across entire surface thereof.

The second conductor layer has both surfaces coated with ionic or dipolematerial across entire surface thereof.

A bilayer is comprised of the first conductor layer and the secondconductor layer and ionic material layer sandwiched between them.

A multilayer structure is comprised of millions of bilayers which arestacked together one by one.

The positive electrode is attached to the first conductor layer of themultilayer structure.

The negative electrode is attached to the last conductor layer of themultilayer structure.

The first conductor layer is stacked on top of the second conductorlayer with a nanometer-scale interval therebetween and with the ionicmaterial layer sandwiched between them so as to form a bilayer structureand at the same time a quantum heterostructure.

The first and second conductor layers form a bilayer configured to storeelectrical energy in the bilayer in a form of binding energy, whereinthe electrical energy is stored in the multilayer by applying a DCvoltage to the positive and negative electrodes.

Each of the first and second conductor layers may include activatedcarbons, electrically polarizable ionic materials, graphenes, carbonnanotubes, or any kind of conducting materials that are nanometer-scaleand suitable to get coated with an ionic material for a conductor layer,ionic polymers, and ionic minerals.

The ionic materials coated on conductor layers may have a substantiallyzero electric charge transport property so as to be an insulator.

The first and second conductor layers may be stacked on top of eachother so as to form a 2+1 dimension for a dipole-dipole interactionwhich is considered separately in vertical and horizontal direction tothe 2 dimensional plane.

A nanometer-sized bound state of charge polarization may be induced andcreated by a charge separation and an excitation of valence electron,which is an electric quantum dipole.

Each of the first and second conductor layers may be two-dimensionalwith a nanometer-scale thickness. The periodicity length of the layersin the vertical direction to the layers requires a nanometer scale forquantum dipole interaction and polaron interaction.

The electrical energy supplied by an external DC field may be stored inan antiferroelectric nanostructure in the bilayer.

The stored electrical energy is discharged and output to the first andsecond electrodes by using an external AC field in a predeterminedfrequency range as a trigger power and guiding field.

The frequency of the external AC field may be tuned with the dipolemoments of the electrical energy storage device in discharge.

The antiferroelectric nanostructure may function as a micro-voltaicpower source in discharge.

Each of the first and second conductor layers may be made from oneselected from the group consisting of open structured activated carbonpowder, carbon nano tube, and graphene.

Each of the first and second conductor layers may be made from highsurface area activated carbon powder.

The ionic materials may be selected from the group consisting of MgSO4,LiPF6, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiSbF6, Li4Ti5O12. In aspecific embodiment, the ionic material may be MgSO4.

Each of the first and second conductor layers may be grown by amolecular beam epitaxy or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.

The advantages of the present invention are: (1) the device has an ultrahigh capacity; and (2) the device can be manufactured by much lower costthan conventional battery.

Although the present invention is briefly summarized, the fullerunderstanding of the invention can be obtained by the followingdrawings, detailed description and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with reference to theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of 2+1 dimensional battery cell multilayerstructure according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a conductor bilayer according to anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a static longitudinal dipolar waveaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a charge double layer according toan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a ferroelectric array of ionicdipoles according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an antiferroelectric arrayaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a charging process of anelectric energy storage device according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a discharging process ofan electric energy storage device according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing an electric charge double layeraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is schematic diagram showing a coordinate system for theelectric charge double layer of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a graph of electric potential of the charge double layeraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing an electron-hole bound stateaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing how to obtain a multilayerstructure according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a dipole-dipole interactionbetween excitonic and ionic dipoles according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a dipole field propagation toempty states according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a transformation to excitonicbipolaron according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing an antiferroelectric transitionaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a linear chain of dipolesaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing a bilayer structure according toan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram for charging process of a battery cellaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a multilayer structure in a batterycell according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a bilayer structure in nano scaleaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 23 is a circuit diagram of a DC output power measurement accordingto an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 24 is a circuit diagram of a feedback system for discharging of abattery cell according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 25 is a graph showing a frequency dependency of output power of abattery cell according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

FIGS. 1-6 show multilayer structures for an electric energy storagedevice according to the invention. FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic circuitdiagrams for charging and discharging of the electric energy storagedevice. FIGS. 9-12 show operations of the electric energy storagedevice. FIG. 13 shows how to obtain a multilayer structure. FIG. 14shows a dipole-dipole interaction between excitonic and ionic dipoles.FIG. 15 shows a dipole field propagation to empty states. FIG. 16 showsa transformation to excitonic bipolaron. FIG. 17 shows anantiferroelectric transition according to an embodiment of theinvention. FIG. 18 shows a linear chain of dipoles. FIG. 19 shows abilayer structure. FIGS. 20 to 25 show more aspects of the presentinvention.

An electric energy storage device 100 comprises a first conductor layer10, a second conductor layer 20, a plastic sheet 50, a quantum dot 60, apositive electrode 30, and a negative electrode 40.

The first conductor layer 10 in a multilayer structure has both surfacesof which comprising first ionic or dipole material layer 12 adjacent tothe entire conductor surface thereof and being insulated electrically.

The second conductor layer 20 in the multilayer structure has bothsurfaces of which comprising first ionic or dipole material layer 12adjacent to the entire conductor surface thereof and being insulatedelectrically.

A bilayer hetero-structure is comprised of the first and secondconductor layers and the ionic material layer sandwiched therebetweenthem, and a thickness of the conductor layers and the interval betweenthem are nanometer scale to form a quantum dipole system of excitons andions, so that interaction between excitonic dipoles and ionic dipolesoccur in the bilayer structure, and a multilayer structure is comprisedof the millions of ionic or dipole material layers and conductor layersof nanometer thickness, both conductor surfaces of which being coatedwith ionic or dipole materials across entire surface thereof and beinginsulated electrically, and the multilayer is consisted of the millionsof the bilayers.

The plastic sheet of much less than millimeter thickness is insertedbetween the two electrodes in order to block direct electric currentbetween the two electrodes.

The quantum dot exists on the surface of the nano-thickness conductorsheet is effectively formed when the surface is stretched by press, sothat an electronic charge can be easily localized in the dot and thepolaron interaction is more effective, and thickness of the conductorlayers and the interval between the conductor layers are nanometer scaleto form a quantum dipole system of excitons and ions, so thatinteraction between excitonic dipoles and ionic dipoles occur in thebilayer structure.

The positive electrode 30 is attached to the first conductor layer 10 ofthe multilayer structure.

The negative electrode 40 is attached to the second conductor 20 of themultilayer structure.

Every conductor layer in the multilayer structure is disconnected,insulated and isolated from an electric current, and each conductorlayer is not a current collector, but an excitonic dipole collector,

Neither electronic nor ionic current is allowed in the multilayerstructure except for the electrodes which are attached to a copper(conductor) sheet, because the current in the multilayer structuredestroys the dipoles.

The first conductor layer 10 is stacked on top of the second conductorlayer 20 with a nanometer-scale interval and the ionic or dipolematerial layer is sandwiched therebetween so as to form a multilayerstructure and at the same time a quantum well heterostructure as shownin FIG. 1.

The first and second conductor layers 10, 20 form the bilayersconfigured to store electrical energy in the bilayer in a form ofbinding energy, and the electrical energy is stored in the first andsecond conductor layers 10, 20 by applying a DC voltage 92 to thepositive and negative electrodes 30, 40 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.

The stored electrical energy is discharged and output to the first andsecond electrodes 30, 40 by using an external AC voltage 90 in apredetermined frequency range as a trigger power as shown in FIG. 8. Theoutput from the external AC voltage 90 may be going through atransformer 94 as shown in FIG. 8.

When an external field is applied, an polarization of ions and anexcitation of valence electrons to conduction band create an collectivedipoles in the multilayer system through a propagation of a dipole field(pseudo spin wave) from the electrodes to the empty states.

The interaction energy between an excitonic dipole and an ionic dipoledepends upon the directions and positions of the dipoles in the bilayer,which is a quasi one dimensional interaction in the vertical directionto the layers.

In a nanometer scale, a charge polarization in quantum hetero-structureis a quantum dipole.

The states of electronic and ionic dipoles are described in theeigenstates of two-level system, which represents a transition.

The interaction terms of excitonic dipole and ionic dipole describe apropagation of pseudo spin waves across the layers in the directionvertical to the layer sheet.

The pseudo spin waves propagate crossing the layers by an applied power,and as the pseudo spin waves propagate in the vertical direction, thedipoles spread all over the multilayer structure as the power continuesto be provided by an external field.

A mechanism for a charging process is induced by a polaron interaction,and by a polaron interaction and Coulomb force, the dipoles keeptransforming into the anti-ferroelectric nanostructures in charge.

A polaron interaction is so strong that the excitons in the conductorlayer have been broken into the electrons and the holes to form thepositive polarons and the negative polarons in the bilayer.

The positive polarons on one conductor layer and the negative polaronson the other conductor are combined together to form the excitonicbipolarons in the bilayer.

The mechanism for a storing energy in the multilayer structure is atransformation process from the dipole system into an anti-ferroelectricnanostructure created by applied power in the bilayers.

The ionic or dipole material layers 12 comprise an ionic or dipolematerials selected from the group consisting of MgSO4, LiPF6, LiClO4,LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiSbF6, Li4Ti5O12, ionic polymers, andionic minerals or any kind of ionic mineral materials and dipolematerials. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the ionic ordipole material 12 is MgSO4.

Each of the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 may includeactivated carbons, electrically polarizable ionic materials, graphenes,carbon nanotubes, or any kind of conducting materials that arenanometer-scale and suitable to get doped with an ionic material for aconductor layer, ionic polymers, and ionic minerals.

Each of the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 and the ionic ordipole material layers may be two-dimensional with a nanometer-scalethickness.

The first and second conductor layers 10, 20 may be stacked on top ofeach other and inbetween the dipole or ionic material layer issandwiched, so as to form a 2+1 dimension. Each of the first and secondconductor layers and the dipole or ionic material layer is 2-dimensionaland forms a plane sheet which is not bent because of a dipole-dipoleinteraction depending on the directions of the dipoles, and a bendingthe sheet may change the interaction, and wherein the dipole-dipoleinteraction between excitonic dipole and ionic dipole is quasi onedimensional.

The ionic or dipole material 12 coated on the first and second conductorlayers 10, 20 may have a substantially zero electric charge transportproperty in a direction perpendicular to a plane of the first or lastconductor layer 10, 20 so as to be an insulator in that direction and tomake the materials polarizing.

A nanometer-sized bound state of charge polarization may be induced andcreated by a charge separation and a longitudinal optical mode ofdipolar phonon between the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 asshown in FIGS. 3-6. The nanometer-sized bound state of charge which is aquantum dipole may be induced and created by an applied external field,and the process of a quantum dipole formation in the multilayer may bedue to a dipole-dipole interaction of the electronic dipoles and ionicdipoles.

The electrical energy may be stored in an antiferroelectricnanostructure as a binding energy in the bilayers 10, 20 as a chargedouble layer and the electronic charge double layer inside the conductorlayers 10, 20 as shown in FIGS. 4, 6, and 7.

With respect to a density of the system, a high capacity means a highelectric energy density and a high electronic charge density, and anano-sized bound state of charges in the bilayer is introduced, and themillions of the bilayers are stacked one by one so that the multilayerstructure is formed in the three dimensional volume, and the layerdensity of the multilayer structure is very high, so that the storedenergy density in the multilayer is tremendously boosted.

The external AC guiding field may be applied to the electrical energystorage device for discharge, and the electrical energy is stored insidethe electric energy storage device in three dimensional volume, and theanti-ferroelectric nanostructure functions as a micro-voltaic powersource in discharge, and the output voltaic power is a sum of themicro-voltaic power.

The mechanical process of releasing the stored energy from theanti-ferroelectric structure may be related to a propagation ofantiparallel pseudo spin waves to the electrodes along with the appliedguiding field in the vertical direction in discharging process.

The antiparallel dipoles of their repulsive interaction may propagate inthe form of pseudo spins wave into the electrodes by an external guidingfield in discharging process.

At the electrodes, the stored energy may be released as a voltaic powerby a guiding AC field because the interaction between the antiparalleldipoles in the quasi one dimensional line is repulsive.

The frequency of the external AC field may be tuned with the dipolemoments of the electrical energy storage device 100.

The antiferroelectric nanostructure may function as a micro-voltaicpower source in discharging.

Each of the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 may be made fromone selected from the group consisting of open structured activatedcarbon powder, carbon nano tube, and graphene.

Each of the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 may be made fromhigh surface area activated carbon powder of which pores scale is in ananometer range.

Each of the first and second conductor 10, 20 may be grown by amolecular beam epitaxy or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.

The first and second conductor layers may be formed by pressingactivated carbon mixtures with liquid ionic materials until the porediameter is squeezed as a form of bilayer to the nanometer size in themultilayer structure.

The multilayer structure may have a shape of a disc having about 0.2 gweight, about 3 mm diameter, and about 2 mm thickness.

The direction of the electric current in the electrodes and dipoles inthe multilayer may be forward and backward in turns according to theexternal AC field, which has the most effective frequency range which isabove the 15 Mhz as shown in FIG. 25. The peak of output power dependsupon a sample preparation. Oscillating dipoles in the bilayer caninteract directly with oscillating electric vector of external electricfield at the resonance.

The most effective frequency range for discharge may be above the 15Mhz. The DC output voltage is measured from 12 MHz to 20 Mhz with thebridge rectifier circuit as shown in FIG. 23. The battery sample isconnected parallel to the rectifier. DC voltage is measured with thebattery and without the battery in turns. Then the difference iscalculated.

The value of the voltage difference is positive in this frequency rangewhich is above the 15 MHz. It means that the energy is produced by thebattery. But the difference value in the range below the 15 MHz isnegative meaning that the energy is dissipated by the battery. In thisfrequency range, the battery is functioning like a resistor orcapacitor.

The peak of output power depends upon a sample preparation. Oscillatingdipoles in the bilayer can interact directly with oscillating electricvector of external electric field at the resonance.

FIG. 9 shows forms an electric charge double layer 10A, 20A formed bythe first or last conductor layer 10, 20, and ionic dipoles 12B formedby longitudinal optical mode.

FIGS. 10 and 11 show an electric potential of the charge double layer,where r is a distance from the border between the conductor layer 10, 20and the ionic or dipole material 12, and r_(o) is a polaronicinteraction range. In the range of r<r_(o), the electric charges arebounded by polaronic interaction and Coulomb interaction, which cause abreaking of exciton into the electron and the hole.

FIG. 12 shows an electron-hole bound state among the first and secondconductor layers in the bilayer 10, 20 and the ionic or dipole material12. The electron, the hole, and the ions are interacting with oneanother through a polaronic bound state 72, electron-hole interaction 73through polaronic optical mode, and a Coulomb interaction 75.

The present invention provides a revolutionary novel electric energystorage cell whose electrical energy capacity is approximately more than10 MWh/Kg. This breakthrough shows promise to resolve current energycrisis and global warming problems.

The novel electric energy storage device develops a capacitance by amechanism entirely different from the mechanism of other ionic batteryor other electrochemical battery or other kind of super capacitor andother conventional battery.

The battery cell comprises a pair of electrodes and the multilayer. Theconductor layers are coated with ionic materials or dipole materialswith which cover the entire layer surface, so that any electric currentis not allowed. The two dimensional thin conductor layers coated withionic or dipole materials are piled up together to form a 2+1dimensional structure which is a layer stacking. The interval betweenthe conductor layers in the bilayer and the thickness of conductor layershould be a nanometer size to introduce a quantum hetero-structure whichmay be grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapordeposition. Both techniques can control a layer thickness close to oneatomic layer.

The multilayer structure is an insulator in the direction perpendicularto the layer surface. When DC voltage is applied perpendicular to thelayer surface, the electrostatic potential between the positiveelectrode and the negative electrode can be in the form of dipolarexpansion in the ionic insulator materials.

On the conductor layer attached to the electrode, the charge carriersare built up by the interaction with ionic polarizations. In turn, theion polarizations induce electronic charge polarization accompaniedinside nearby conductor layer. It is a charge double layer in theconductor layer. So the electric energy supplied by both the positiveand the negative electrode is transferred and stored in the cell in theform of binding energy if the electric charge polarization is stabilizedby a polaronic and Coulomb interaction.

An exciton in the conductor layer breaks into an electron and a holewhen a polaron interaction dominates and, and becomes positive polaronand negative polaron.

The interaction of the longitudinal mode of ionic dipole vibration withthe electric charge is attractive to form a polaron. The interactionbetween the positive polaron and the negative polaron in the bilayerturns into an interaction between the electron and the hole mediated bylongitudinal optical mode of ionic dipole vibration.

In the bilayer structure, the electron in the first conductor layerattracts the hole in the last conductor layer by the Coulomb force inthe bilayer because the polaronic interaction dominates the excitonicinteraction The direct Coulomb interaction causes the electrons in firstconductor layer and the holes in the last conductor layer are bounded toform the excitons in the bilayer, which are different from the excitonsin the conductor layer. The excitons in the bilayer are stable becauseof a spatial separation of the electrons and the holes, therebetweenionic dipole barrier.

The indirect exciton has a dipole moment in the bilayer. The interactionbetween the excitons and nearby ionic dipoles in the bilayer is adipole-dipole interaction in the horizontal direction to the layerplane. An interaction between the dipoles of the same direction isrepulsive in the 2 dimensional plane, but an interaction between thedipoles of the opposite direction is attractive. It is very importantfor the dipoles to keep the distance between them to be stabilized. Thedensity of dipole shall be low for stable dipole-dipole interaction.

The dynamics of the dipoles of excitons and ions creates anantiferroelectric nanostructure in the bilayer. The electric energydelivered to the system is stored in the nano-structure. The electricenergy can be stored more than 10 MWH/Kg in this sample, so the batterycapacity increased drastically compared to a conventional battery.

In a macroscopic view, the excitons and ionic dipoles are electricallyneutral, so the system is macroscopically neutral and it can help acharging process.

For a discharging process, AC field in the frequency range between 10 Hzto microwave frequency is used as a trigger power and guiding field. Inthis case the battery cell acts as a capacitor in response to AC inputpower. The input power is set to be tuned with macroscopic dipole wavewhich is a constructive assembly of the dipole wave. Each microstructureis a micro-power source for discharge process.

The present invention used activated carbons and electricallypolarizable ionic materials, and may use graphenes, carbon nanotubes, orany kind of conducting materials that are nano-sized and suitable to getcoated with an ionic material for a conductor layer, ionic polymers andionic minerals.

INTRODUCTION

The current energy crisis and environmental problem requirerevolutionary energy storage system. The development of electric vehicleand portable electronic devices demands for a rechargeable battery ofvery high capacity. To meet these demands, it is required to develop anovel rechargeable battery whose capacity is extremely high way beyondconventional battery.

Another remarkable benefit of this novel battery is that it can bemanufactured by much lower cost for mass production because thematerials used by battery production are not rare on earth.

A revolutionary novel mechanism for storing electric energy isintroduced, which is completely different from a conventional one. Thenew mechanism for the revolutionary energy storage device is related howto utilize a dipole-dipole interaction, which is different from themechanism used in conventional battery and capacitor. Rather thanutilizing a Faradaic mechanism and electrostatic mechanism, this deviceemploys a novel method of a dipole-dipole interaction between theelectronic dipoles and ionic dipoles. A conventional rechargeablebattery has an intrinsic limitation in its capacity. The function tostore electric energy is usually based on electrochemical reaction andion transport. It is necessary to find out totally different andrevolutionary way in storing electric energy to boost a batterycapacity.

With respect to a density of the system, a high capacity means a highelectric energy density and a high electronic charge density. Anano-sized bound state of charges in the bilayer is introduced, and themillions of the bilayers are stacked one by one so that the multilayerstructure is formed in the three dimension. The layer density of themultilayer structure is very high, so that the stored energy density inthe multilayer is tremendously high.

The interaction among the comprising elements is strong in ananostructure so that the electric energy density in the structurebecomes very high. An electric structure to meet the above requirementsmay reduce to a nano-size.

The conductor layers are two dimensional planes of nano-sized thickness.

The coated conductor layers are stacked one by one to construct a 2+1dimensional multilayer structure. The thickness of the layers and theinterval between the adjacent layers are in the range of a nanometersize.

The thin conductor layers are coated with ionic materials which coverthe entire surface to be an insulator.

The valence electrons in the conductor layer is excited and separated toform the excitons. The ions sandwiched between the conductor layers arepolarized when a external voltage is applied, which is in contrast withan electrolytes for Li-ion battery, super-capacitor, which has an iontransport property of electrolytes.

An electronic charge separation in the conductor layer is described asan indirect exciton which has a dipole moment, likewise an ionicpolarization as an ionic dipole moment. An exciton which is a boundstate of en electron and a hole has a dipole moment.

A nano-sized bound state of a positive and a negative charges is createdin the multilayer structure, which is induced by a charge separation anda polarization when an external field is applied to the battery cell.The quantum dipole system is consisted of dipoles of excitons and ions.

The liquid type ions are coated on the 2 dimensional carbon layersurfaces. The structure of the volume is 2+1 dimensional, and the layersof 2 dimensional surfaces piled up with one conductor layer and oneionic material layer in turn so that it becomes an insulator in theperpendicular direction to the surface.

A dipolar pseudo spin wave propagates in the multilayer structure in thedirection vertical to the layers. This mechanism is utilized for theprocess of charging or discharging.

The battery cell is composed of a pair of electrodes and the bilayerssandwiched between them. The conductor layers are coated with ionicmaterials or dipole materials with which cover the entire layer surface.The two dimensional thin conductor layers coated with ionic or dipolematerials are piled up together to construct a 2+1 dimensional structurewhich is a layer stacking. The distance between the bilayers and thethickness of conductor layer should be a nano-sized to introduce aquantum heterostructure which may be grown by molecular beam epitaxy andmetal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Both techniques can control alayer thickness close to one atomic layer.

The dipolar system created by applied field is transformed intoanti-ferroelectrics in the bilayers and the supplied electric energy tothe dipolar system is stored in the antiferroelectric nanostructure bycreating it in the bilayer.

The present sample is made of an activated carbon powder. The activatedcarbon powder is mixed and coated with liquid ions. The carbon powdermixture is pressed to obtain the bilayers which are transformed from thecarbon pores.

Dipolar Pseudo-Spin Wave in the Multilayer

When an external field is applied, an ion polarization and an excitationof valence electrons to conduction band create an collective dipoles inthe multilayer system.

The ionic dipole and exciton density should be appropriately low becausea high density causes to destroy the dipoles. An electronic dipoleannihilation occurs at high exciton density where two excitons arespatially too close.

The experimental result about exciton density is reported by G. N.Ostojic et. el. ⁽³⁾ The 1D saturation density of excitons isn˜5×10⁸ m ⁻¹According to this figure, the 1D density of ionic dipoles shall be lessthan 5×10⁸ m⁻¹, and the 2D density of ionic dipoles is about 2.5×10¹⁷m⁻²

Assuming that an exciton size is about nanometer scale ˜10⁻⁹ m, theseparation distance is about 10 times larger than the exciton size.

In this case the dipole-dipole interaction in the vertical direction isqusi one dimensional.

The interaction energy between an excitonic dipole and an ionic dipoledepends upon the directions and positions of the dipoles.

$V_{ij} = {\frac{1}{4{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\begin{Bmatrix}{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i} & {\overset{\_}{D}}_{j} & {3\frac{\begin{pmatrix}{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i} & r_{ij}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{\overset{\_}{D}}_{j} & r_{ij}\end{pmatrix}}{r_{ij}^{2}}}\end{Bmatrix}}$where d _(i) is a representation of an excitonic dipole in the conductorlayer and D _(j) is that of an ionic dipole.

In this multilayer structure, d _(i), D _(j), and r_(ij) are parallelone another when DC field is applied. So, the sum of interactionenergies in the direction vertical to the layer is

$V_{dD} = {\sum\limits_{ij}\frac{{{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i}}{{\overset{\_}{D}}_{j}}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}}$which is an attractive interaction.

In the nanometer scale, a charge polarization in quantum heterostructureshall be a quantum dipole which is described in Quantum Mechanics.

The states of electronic and ionic dipoles shall be described in theeigenstates of two-level system in Q.M. language, which represents atransition.

$\hat{{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i}} = {{\hat{d_{i}}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}} + {\hat{d_{i}}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}}}$$\hat{{\overset{\_}{D}}_{j}} = {{\hat{D_{j}}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}} + {\hat{D_{j}}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}}}$where${\hat{\sigma}}^{+} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\hat{\sigma}}_{x} + {i{\hat{\sigma}}_{y}}} \right)}$${\hat{\sigma}}^{-} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\hat{\sigma}}_{x}\mspace{14mu} i{\hat{\sigma}}_{y}} \right)}$where {circumflex over (σ)}_(x), {circumflex over (σ)}_(y) are the Paulispin matrices, and{circumflex over (d)} _(i) =e d|r|g, {circumflex over (D)} _(I) =e D|r|g{circumflex over (d)} _(i) =e g|r|d, {circumflex over (D)} _(j) =e g|r|Dwhere

$\left| d \right. = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\0\end{pmatrix}$where is an eigenstate of a dipole, and

$\left| g \right. = \begin{pmatrix}0 \\1\end{pmatrix}$is a ground state, and

${\hat{\sigma}}^{+} = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\0 & 0\end{pmatrix}$is a creation operator of a dipole and

${\hat{\sigma}}^{-} = {\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 \\1 & 0\end{pmatrix}.}$is a destruction operator of a dipole.

$\begin{matrix}{V_{dD} = {\sum\limits_{ij}{\frac{1}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\left( {{{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}} + {{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}}} \right)\left( {{{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}} + {{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}}} \right)}}} \\{= {\sum\limits_{ij}{\frac{1}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\left( {{{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}} + {{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}}} \right)}}}\end{matrix}$

P. W. Anderson ⁽²⁾ finds the meaningful terms in this expansion, whichis expressed as a dipole-dipole interaction.

He has employed a dipole-dipole interaction terms in the system ofexcitons. The most important terms which have the effect of exciting oneatom and de-exciting the other, that are due to the interaction of theelectrons with those on neighboring atoms, are multipolar termsaccording to Anderson.

$V_{atom} = {\int{{drdr}^{\prime}{\psi^{\dagger}(r)}{\psi^{\dagger}\left( r^{\prime} \right)}\frac{e^{2}}{\begin{matrix}r & {r^{\prime}}\end{matrix}}{\psi\left( r^{\prime} \right)}{\psi(r)}\frac{1}{4}{\sum\limits_{ij}{X_{i}T_{ij}{X_{j}\left( {{{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}}} \right)}}}}}$where ψ^(†)(r)=Σ_(i)c_(i) ^(†)a_(i)(r R_(i)) and X_(i)=e∫a_(i)(r) (rR_(i))a_(i)(r) dr and

$T_{ij} = {\frac{1}{R_{ij}^{3}}\left\{ {13\frac{R_{ij}R_{ij}}{R_{ij}^{2}}} \right\}}$which have the multipolar expansion terms of

$\frac{e^{2}}{{\overset{\_}{r} - {\overset{\_}{r}}^{\prime}}}.$

In view of Anderson, the same result can be derived from thedipole-dipole interaction of the excitonic dipoles and the ionicdipoles.

In view of Anderson, the important dipolar terms which have a physicalmeaning are

$V_{dD} = {\sum\limits_{ij}{\frac{{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\left( {{{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}}} \right)}}$where the operators {circumflex over (σ)}_(i) ⁺{circumflex over (σ)}_(j)⁻ and {circumflex over (σ)}_(i) ⁻{circumflex over (σ)}_(j) ⁺ describe acreation of a dipole on a layer together with a destruction of a dipoleon neighboring layer.

While the operator {circumflex over (σ)}_(i) ⁺ {circumflex over (σ)}_(j)⁺ describes a creation of two dipoles at the same time and {circumflexover (σ)}_(i) ⁻{circumflex over (σ)}_(j) ⁻ does a destruction of twodipoles at the same time. Both processes violate the conservation ofenergy and dipole number. Those terms of the operators shall beneglected.

The interaction terms of excitonic dipole and ionic dipole describe apropagation of pseudo spin waves across the layers in the directionvertical to the layer sheet.

If an external field is applied, the pseudo spin waves propagatecrossing the layers as the above equation indicates. As the pseudo spinwaves propagate in the vertical direction, the dipoles spread all overthe multilayer structure as the power continues to be provided by anexternal field.

Novel Mechanism in Charge

A revolutionary novel mechanism employing a dipolar interaction forstoring electric energy is completely different from a conventionalmethod. Instead of utilizing a Faradaic mechanism or electrostaticmechanism, this novel device employs a dipole-dipole interaction betweenthe electronic dipoles and ionic dipoles.

When DC voltage is applied perpendicular to the layer surface, theelectrostatic potential between the positive electrode and the negativeelectrode can be expressed in the form of multipolar expansion in thepolarizing insulator materials of the multi-layered structure.

The polarization of charges is in the range of nanometer scale, so itcan be described as a quantum dipole.

An electrostatic potential can be expressed in a multipolar expansion.There are terms which may describe excitation of a valence electron toconduction band in the conductor layer.

In the nanometer scale, a charge polarization in quantum heterostructureshall be a quantum dipole which is described in Quantum Mechanics.

The states of electronic and ionic dipoles shall be described in theeigenstate of two-level system in Q.M. language, which represents atransition.

In this multilayer structure, the excitonic dipole, ionic dipole, andr_(ij) are parallel one another in the case that DC field is applied inthe vertical direction to the layers. So, the sum of interactionenergies in the direction vertical to the layer is simplified, which isan attractive interaction in charging process.

The important interaction terms which have a physical meaning are inview of Anderson,

$V_{dD} = {{\sum\limits_{ij}\frac{{{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i}}{{\overset{\_}{D}}_{j}}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}} = {\sum\limits_{ij}{\frac{{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\left( {{{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}}} \right)}}}$where the operators {circumflex over (σ)}_(i) ⁺{circumflex over (σ)}_(j)⁻ and {circumflex over (σ)}_(i) ⁻{circumflex over (σ)}_(j) ⁺ describe acreation of a dipole on a layer together with a destruction of a dipoleon the neighboring layer.

The above interaction terms of excitonic dipoles and ionic dipolesdescribe a propagation of pseudo spin waves across the layers in thedirection vertical to the layer sheet.

If an external DC field is applied in the direction vertical to thelayers, the pseudo spin waves propagate crossing the layers as the aboveequation indicates. As the pseudo spin waves propagate in the verticaldirection, the dipoles spread all over the multilayer structure as thepower continues to be provided by an external field.

The electrical charge built-up at the nodes of the wave is due to adipole-dipole interaction of electronic and ionic dipoles.

In microscopic view, the polarization of ions is a dipole for a pair ofa positive ion and a negative ion like a molecule. The ionic dipole canbe described as quantum dipole, which has an excited state and groundstate.

A charge separation between the electrons and the holes is accompaniedby the neighboring ions in the conductor layer. An electron excited froma valence band to a conduction band at the surface of the layer moves tothe other side of the surface of the layer and leaves a hole behind.

The bound state of an electron and a hole is an indirect exciton whichhas a dipole moment in the conductor layer.

The process of creating excitons in the conductor layer is due to adipole-dipole interaction between an indirect excitonic dipoles andionic dipoles. This process continues to be progressing by an appliedexternal power.

Those dipoles themselves are unstable if an applied external field isterminated. Unlike a capacitor, a charge double layer is not formed atthe interface between electrode and electrolyte.

The life time of the excitons and ionic dipoles is so short that thedipoles can be destroyed as soon as an applied field is terminated.

In order to keep the stored energy stable inside the multilayerstructure, some binding forces are necessary to keep the dipolarpolarization stable.

In this case, a polaronic interaction is an appropriate dynamicalmechanism.

A polaron is defined as a composite particle of electron plus ioniclattice deformation. The polaron interaction can hold an electroniccharge close to the polarized ions.

In the bilayer both the electron and hole in the exciton can be pulledaway by the polaronic forces in the opposite direction. The polaroninteraction prevents the exciton from being destroyed by itself.

When the polaronic interaction is activated, an electron (a hole) of theexcitonic dipole is pulled by the longitudinal mode of ionic dipolevibration, and the electron and the hole in the excitonic dipole arepulled away from each other and separated more by the force. In turn,the dissipating energy of the electrons (the holes) creates more thelongitudinal motion of the ionic dipole vibration. This process keepsprogressing until the excitonic binding is diminished, and the polaronicbinding dominates in the bilayer.

When the polaronic function dominates the excitonic function, thepositive polarons and negative polarons appear in the bilayer. Thepositive polaron can be combined by negative polaron to form anexcitonic bipolaron by the Coulomb force of the electron and the hole.The collective phenomenon of those can be anti-ferroelectrics.

In macroscopic view, it is composed of the electronic charge doublelayers between the interval of two conductor layers comprising thebilayer, and the ionic charge double layer at the interval, which is incontrast with the case of super-capacitor. A charge double layer isformed at the interface between electrode and electrolyte insuper-capacitor.

The electric energy supplied by both the positive and the negativeelectrodes is transferred and stored in the antiferroelectricnanostructure in the form of binding energy.

An electrostatic energy is stored in the dipole layers which are formedby an applied external field, and later in the anti-ferroelectricstructure.

When a polaron interaction dominates to break an exciton into theelectron and the hole, the electron placed at the surface of firstconductor layer may see the hole sitting at the surface of the lastconductor layer, and they may be bound through the Coulomb interactionto form an indirect excitonic dipole between the two conductor layers inthe bilayer. This process is possible because the distance between thelayers is also a nanometer size. The electron and the hole facing eachother form an exciton between the first and second conductor layers inthe bilayer, which is of the excitonic bipolaron.

DC electric power is applied in the direction perpendicular to the layersurface.

The polarized ions are two dimensional dipole sheet. It creates a strongdipolar field on the surface of the nearby conductor layer in themultilayer system.

The density of the ionic materials which are coated on the surface ofthe conductor layer may be low enough so that the polarization is to bea dipole.

The ionic materials coated on the surface of the conductor thin layersand sandwiched in the bilayer are polarized and lined up along with theexternal DC field.

The mechanism for a charging process is induced by a polaroninteraction. If a polaron interaction is activated, the dipoles in thebilayers keep transforming into the antiferroelectric nanostructures incharging process.

The mechanism for a storing energy in the multilayer structure is atransformation process creating an antiferroelectric nanostructure inthe bilayers.

The interaction between the dipoles of the same direction is a repulsiveforce in the horizontal direction. On the other hand, the interactionbetween the dipoles of the opposite direction is an attractive force.

The revolutionary way to enhance a battery capacity is to create ananostructure comprised of the excitonic dipoles and the ionic dipolescombined together, which is a stable anti-ferroelectric nanostructure inthe bilayer.

An electric energy is stored in the form of the antiferroelectricnanostructure in the bilayer.

The interaction between the excitonic dipoles and the ionic dipolescreates a collective phenomenon to form an antiferroelectricnanostructure in the bilayer. This phenomenon keeps the dipole systemstable in the bilayer.

The cohesive energy in the case atom is defined as the difference inenergy between the collection of free atoms and the collection of theseatoms to make a metal. Likewise the energy transferred to the system tocreate an antiferroelectric nanostructure is stored as a binding energy.

Novel Mechanism in Discharge

When the battery cell is charged, the electronic charges and the ioniccharges are bound together in the dipole system to form ananti-ferroelectric nanostructure in the bilayer, which is electricallyneutral.

There are no apparent charges on the electrodes because a dipole systemis bound state of positive and negative charge. A voltaic power is notproduced by itself.

A guiding AC field is applied to the cell as a trigger power fordischarge. The dipoles in the cell respond to the external AC power.

All electronic dipoles and ionic dipoles which are not in theantiferroelectric bound state are forced to oscillate along with theapplied AC field. So the polaron interaction is not able to be effectivefor AC field.

The electric dipoles which are stored inside a superstructure begin toget released in response to the applied external field from theantiferroelectric structure and turns into the excitonic dipoles and theionic dipoles, which is a reverse process to the storing energy. Thedipoles released from the superstructure faced with antiparallel dipolesfrom the applied field. Their interaction is repulsive.

In the case that excitonic dipole d _(i) and ionic dipole D _(j) areantiparallel each another, the interaction in the direction vertical tothe layer is

$V_{dD} = {{\sum\limits_{ij}\frac{{{\overset{\_}{d}}_{i}}{{\overset{\_}{D}}_{j}}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}} = {\sum\limits_{ij}{\frac{{\hat{d}}_{i}{\hat{D}}_{j}}{2{\pi ɛ}_{0}r_{ij}^{3}}\left( {{{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{+}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{-}} + {{\hat{\sigma}}_{i}^{-}{\hat{\sigma}}_{j}^{+}}} \right)}}}$which is a repulsive interaction.

The propagation of antiparallel pseudo spin waves into the electrodes isa mechanism for discharge.

The interaction between antiparallel dipoles of d _(i) and D _(j) doesnot come to be a polaron interaction in this case.

The battery cell is comprised of the electrodes and the multilayerstructure. As the antiparallel pseudo spin waves propagate in themultilayer structure to the electrodes, the cell responds and acts likea capacitor to an external guiding AC field because the polaroninteraction is not in action.

Because the interaction is repulsive, the dipoles stored in theantiferroelectric structure get released and travelled to the electrodesalong with the guiding AC field. At the electrodes, the charges getreleased from the dipole bound states because the dipole-dipoleinteraction is repulsive.

The battery cell responds to an external AC field like a capacitor.

A each antiferroelectric structure of the battery cell acts likemicro-voltaic power source. Macroscopic electric power may be enhancedby the micro-voltaic power.

In this case, the dispersion equation of AC field may be a complex.

The propagation of antiparallel pseudo spin waves into the electrodes isa mechanism for discharge. As the antiparallel pseudo spin wavespropagate in the multilayer structure, the cell responds and acts like acapacitor to AC guiding external field because the polaron interactionis not in action.

Polaron Interaction

A polaron is defined as a composite particle of electron plus ionicpolarization.

The acoustic vibration of dipoles is a dipolar phonon which is arisen bythe dipolar interaction among ionic dipoles in the multilayer.

An optical vibration is due to the interaction between positive andnegative charges.

The dissipating energy of an excited electron transfers to the opticalphonon by scattering interaction, then a polaron interaction becomeseffective in the bilayer. The electron pulls nearby positive ion towardit and pushes nearby negative ion away.

The dipolar phonon is closely related to the optical phonon in thelinear chain of dipoles, which is qusi one dimensional in the verticaldirection to the layers. The electron in the conductor layer is pulledtoward the positive ion and the hole toward the negative ion through theinteraction of acoustic dipolar phonon.

A conductor layer is adopted because the lower excitation energy of avalence electron is required for jumping to conduction band.

The length of the layer period in the multilayer structure should be inthe range of nanometer scale for an electronic energy storage device,because the spatial period of the layers in the vertical direction isdirectly related to a polaron formation in the bilayer, and thethickness of layers as well.

The threshold energy of an electron moving with the momentum Pdissipating its energy to create a phonon or a dipolar phonon accordingto C. Kittel ⁽¹⁾ is

$E_{\min} = {{\frac{1}{2}m_{e}c_{s}^{2}} \approx {10^{- 16}{erg}}}$where m_(e) is an electron mass and c_(s) is the longitudinal groupvelocity of sound.

$E_{\min} = \frac{P^{2}}{2m_{e}}$AndP=√{square root over (2m _(e))}√{square root over (E _(min))}≈√{squareroot over (2×10⁻²⁶ g)}√{square root over (10⁻¹⁶ erg)}≈10⁻²¹

In the multilayer structure, the electron momentum is related to theperiodicity of layer structure in the vertical direction.

According the Bloch's Theorem, the electronic wave function is writtenwith periodic potential by the layers asψ_(k) ^(n)(x)=e ^(ikx) u _(nk)(x)where k is a crystal momentum with a periodic layer.

The momentum P of an electron is related to a crystal momentum k when anexternal field is applied.P=kIt can be written ase ^(ikx) =e ^(i) ^(p) ^(x)andkx=px=2πFrom the above equation, x can be calculated.

${\frac{10^{- 21}}{10^{- 27}{{erg} \cdot \sec}} \times 2}\pi$thereforex≈10⁻⁶ cmThe length of layer period x in the vertical direction is approximatelyorder of ˜10⁻⁸ m, which is around in the range of nanometer scale.

The layer thickness and interval of multilayer structure should be inthe range of nanometer scale in order to have a polaron interactioneffective.

If the thickness and interval of the layers are larger than nanometerscale, there is no polaron interaction effective and the devicefunctions just like a simple capacitor.

When an electron has energy above the threshold, a polaronic interactionis effective only with the vertical component of an optical vibration ofionic polarization.

The charge density that is due to ionic vibration at the conductor layerisρ(x)=∇ DOnly the longitudinal mode contributes to the charge density as theabove equation indicates.

The dissipating energy of an electronic charge that is above thethreshold energy in the conductor layer in turn creates the ionicdipolar phonons in the vertical direction, so they are bound together toform polarons.

The electrons sitting at the surface of one conductor layer and theholes sitting at the surface of the neighboring conductor layer interactas an polaronic exciton between the conductor layers in the bilayer.

The antiferroelectric nanostructure is induced by the excitonicbipolaron interaction and the Coulomb force between the electrons andthe holes in the bilayer. In this case the structural transition fromthe dipole arrays to the antiferroelectric nanostructure occurs.

The antiferroelectric nano-structure becomes stable due to thedipole-dipole interactions which are in the direction horizontal to thelayers. The antiferroelectric structure has two dimensional structure inthe bilayer.

In the case of the dipole system in the multilayer structure, theinteraction in the horizontal direction and the interaction in thevertical direction should be considered separately in 2+1 dimensionalstructure.

A Creation of an Antiferroelectric Nanostructure

The interaction of negative polarons and positive polarons turns intothe interaction of the electrons and the holes in the bilayer. Thespatial separation of the electron and hole is nano-sized to form anindirect exciton. An electron which is on the conductor and a hole whichis on the neighboring conductor in the bilayer are to be formed andbounded in pair of them. The excitons are created by Coulomb interactionand a polaron mediated interaction in the bilayer.

The indirect excitons bounded between two conductor layers have a dipolemoment. The dipoles of the excitons are lined up along the horizontaldirection to the layer plane. The direction of the excitonic dipoles isopposite to that of ionic dipoles in the bilayer to form ananti-ferroelectric configuration.

The direction of all dipoles in the multilayer is perpendicular to thelayers. A force between dipoles of the same direction is attractive, butbetween dipoles of opposite direction is repulsive in the quasi onedimensional vertical line to the layers. The dynamics of the excitonicdipoles and ionic dipoles creates an anti-ferroelectric nanostructuredue to a dipolar interaction along the horizontal direction. Theanti-ferroelectrics in the bilayer is a different phenomenon from anordering of dielectric molecules. The electric energy delivered to thesystem is stored as a binding energy of the nanostructures. The dipolesystem in the multilayer is unstable by itself while theanti-ferroelectric structure is stable by itself, and the electricenergy supplied by an external power can be stored in theanti-ferroelectric structure.

Binding Energy of the Antiferroelectric Nanostructure

The antiferroelectric nanostructure is regarded as a composite systemcomposed of the electronic dipoles and the ionic dipoles.

An electron and a hole in the conductor layer are bound into a pair toform an excitonic dipole. The excitonic dipoles in the conductor layerand ionic dipoles are transformed into the antiferroelectrics in thebilayer, which is induced by polaron and Coulomb interaction.

The antiferroelectric nanostructure is stabilized by the exchangeinteraction between the adjacent dipoles. The excitonic dipolar bosonsand ionic dipolar bosons are coupled each other due to dipole exchangeinteraction in the horizontal direction, and can be transformed intodiagonalized form of the interacting Hamiltonian, so the interactiondisappears between the excitonic bosons and the ionic bosons. It meansthat the nanostructure is stable.

The electric energy can be stored approximately more than 10 MWh/Kg inthis sample, so the battery capacity increased drastically compared to aconventional battery.

The formation of nano-structure with the aim of storing electric energyand creating a novel nanostructure, can provide unique collectiveproperties of antiferroelectrics.

Anti-ferroelectric nanostructure is of physical importance for energystorage devices. The antiferroelectric structures possessantiparallel-oriented electric dipoles, as a result, no macroscopicpolarization can arise.

-   (1) The collective mechanism of the dipole systems can be explained    in analogy with anti-ferromagnetic systems.-   (2) The dipolar wave propagates along the vertical direction inside    the sample, so that the electric energy can be stored or released    inside the sample in three dimensional volume, so it can enormously    boost the capacity of the battery cell.-   (3) A capacitor has a limitation of charging power due to surface    charges because of repulsive force between like-charges. But the    breakthrough of this novel type battery has achieved by the    capability to store electric energy in the volume in nanometer scale    not on the surface and a neutrality of the nanostructure which cuts    down the repulsive electric force between the like-charges.

In summary, energy crisis and global warming problem demand a solutionby developing a novel energy storage device which has an extremely largecapacity.

The demand for novel battery is that its capacity is way beyondconventional battery.

The manufacturing cost for the battery should be much lower thanconventional battery for mass production. The materials composing thisnovel battery should be abundant on earth.

The present invention is related to electrical energy storage systemswhich is rechargeable over numerous cycles to provide reliable powersources for a wide range of electrical devices.

It is an object of this invention to provide an energy storage devicehaving extended energy storage capacity over those previously unknownand novel methods. The main principle is to create an antiferroelectricnanostructure in the bilayer. The electric energy delivered to thesystem is stored in the anti-ferroelectric nanostructure as a bindingenergy.

The battery sample was made of an activated carbon powder and liquidions. It may be useful for semiconductor technologies to construct amultilayer sample. But it is possible for the case of using activatedcarbon to obtain same results.

Activated carbon powder and liquid ions are mixed together, so liquidions get adsorbed into the micro pores of the activated carbon. Theaverage diameter of the micro pores is a nano-size.

After the carbon mixtures are dried out, it is pressed until the porediameter is squeezed as a form of bilayer to the size at which theindirect excitons are able to get created in the bilayer. The pressedcarbon mixtures are 2+1 dimensional layer stack.

To prevent direct current, thin insulator plastic film is used toseparate the positive and the negative electrodes.

The positive and the negative electrodes are attached to the multilayersurface parallel to the layers to fabricate the cell.

The composite battery cell may be manufactured as follows.

A storage system at least one dissociable salt is selected from theionic material group consisting of MgSO4, LiPF6, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2,LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiSbF6, Li4Ti5O12, etc. any kind of ionic mineralmaterials and dipole materials.

The material is selected from the group of open structured activatedcarbon powder, carbon nano tube, graphene.

For this sample, the material is selected from the group consisting ofhigh surface area activated carbon powder.

The liquid ions are absorbed into the pores of the activated carbons andcoated on the surfaces of the pores and on the whole surface of carbons.

MgSO4 was selected as an ionic material and mixed with oils to produceliquid ions.

The present invention relates to fabrication methods for activatedcarbon based rechargeable electric energy storage. More particularly,the present invention relates to a novel method to develop a battery ofa huge capacity.

FIG. 13 shows how to obtain a multilayer structure according to anembodiment of the invention. The weight of the sample is about 0.01 g,and the diameter is about 2 mm, and the thickness is about 1 mm.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a dipole-dipole interactionbetween excitonic and ionic dipoles according to an embodiment of theinvention. The interaction takes place between the two parallel dipoles.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a dipole field propagation toempty states according to an embodiment of the invention. The dipolefield propagates to neighboring empty states as indicated by the arrows.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a transformation to excitonicbipolaron according to an embodiment of the invention. The ionic dipoleand the excitonic dipole in the left side of the figure is transformedto an excitonic dipolaron in the right side of the figure.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing an antiferroelectric transitionaccording to an embodiment of the invention. The ionic dipoles and theexcitonic dipoles in the left side of the figure make transition to theantiferroelectric bilayer structure in the right side of the figure.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a linear chain of dipolesaccording to an embodiment of the invention. The quasi one dimensionalchain is formed by the ionic dipole, the excitonic dipole, and thedipolar phonon in the multilayer as illustrated.

FIG. 19 is another schematic diagram showing a bilayer structureaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

The first conductor layer 10, the second conductor layer 20, and thelast conductor layer are among the millions of layers of the multilayerstructure. Especially, the first and second conductor layers 10, 20 maystand for two neighboring conductor layer in any specific positions.However, when used along with the last conductor layer for the positiveor negative electrode, the first conductor layer 10 may be the veryfirst conductor layer on the utmost top of the multilayer structure.

In FIG. 23, a bridge rectifier is used to measure in DC.

In FIGS. 21 and 22, a quantum dot structure exists at the surface of theconductor layer of nano-scale, which is due to a band gap opening at thesurface.

While the invention has been shown and described with reference todifferent embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilledin the art that variations in form, detail, compositions and operationmay be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventionas defined by the accompanying claims.

REFERENCES

-   1. C. Kittel “Quantum Theory of Solids” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. P137    (1963)-   2. P. W. Anderson “Concepts in Solids” Addison-Wesley Publishing Co,    Inc. P137 (1963)-   3. G. N. Ostojic et el. “Stability of High-Density One-dimensional    Excitons” Physical Review Letters 94, 097401 (2005)

What is claimed is:
 1. An electric energy storage device comprising: afirst conductor layer in a multilayer structure, both surfaces of whichcomprising first ionic or dipole material layer adjacent to the entireconductor surface thereof and being insulated electrically; a secondconductor layer in the multilayer structure, both surfaces of whichcomprising a second ionic or dipole material layer adjacent to theentire conductor surface thereof and being insulated electrically,wherein a bilayer hetero-structure is comprised of the first and secondconductor layers and the ionic material layer sandwiched therebetweenthem, wherein a thickness of the conductor layers and the intervalbetween them are nanometer scale to form a quantum dipole system ofexcitons and ions, so that interaction between excitonic dipoles andionic dipoles occur in the bilayer structure, wherein the multilayerstructure is comprised of the millions of ionic or dipole materiallayers and conductor layers of nanometer thickness, both conductorsurfaces of which being coated with ionic or dipole materials acrossentire surface thereof and being insulated electrically, wherein themultilayer is consisted of the millions of the bilayers; a plastic sheetless than a millimeter thickness is inserted between the two electrodesin order to block direct electric current between the two electrodes; aquantum dot existing on the surface of the nano-thickness conductorlayer is effectively formed when the surface is stretched by press, sothat an electronic charge can be easily localized in the dot and thepolaron interaction is more effective, wherein thickness of theconductor layers and the interval between the conductor layers arenanometer scale to form a quantum dipole system of excitons and ions, sothat interaction between excitonic dipoles and ionic dipoles occur inthe bilayer structure; a positive electrode attached to only the firstconductor layer of the multilayer structure; and a negative electrodeattached to only the last conductor layer of the multilayer structure,wherein every conductor layer in the multilayer structure isdisconnected, insulated and isolated from an electric current, and eachconductor layer is not a current collector, but an excitonic dipolecollector, wherein neither electronic nor ionic current is allowed inthe multilayer structure except for the electrodes which are attached toa copper (conductor) sheet, because the current in the multilayerstructure destroys the dipoles, wherein the first conductor layer isstacked on top of the second conductor layer with a nanometer-scaleinterval and the ionic or dipole material layer is sandwichedtherebetween so as to form the bilayer structure, wherein the first andsecond conductor layers form the bilayers configured to store electricalenergy in the bilayer in a form of binding energy, wherein theelectrical energy is stored in the bilayer by applying a DC voltage inthe direction perpendicular to the layer plane sheet to the positive andnegative electrodes, wherein the stored electrical energy is dischargedand output to the electrodes by using an external AC field in apredetermined frequency range as a guiding wave with trigger power,wherein a conductor layer is adopted because low excitation energy of avalence electron is required for jumping to conduction band, and thenanometer thickness of a conductor layer is adopted because thereciprocal of the length of the layer period in the vertical directionshall be large for a polaron formation at the interface of a conductorlayer and ionic layer, wherein the length of the layer period in themultilayer is in the range of nanometer scale to have a quantum dipoleinteraction in the bilayer, wherein the length of the layer period inthe multilayer structure is in the range of nanometer scale for anelectrical energy storage device, so that the spatial period of thelayers in the vertical direction is directly related to a polaronformation in the bilayers, and the thickness of layers as well, whereina linear chain of dipoles is introduced and formed in the verticaldirection to the layers, and the optical vibration is governed to betuned by the acoustical vibration and the frequencies of the vibrationsas well, wherein the layer thickness and interval between the layers arein the range of nanometer scale for formation of quantum dipole systemand exciton, wherein the layer thickness and interval in multilayerstructure are in the range of nanometer scale in order to have a polaroninteraction effective, and a polaron formation at the interface betweena conductor layer and ionic layer is important in a storing anelectrical energy in the bilayer, because the excitonic and ionic dipolestructure has been transformed into the excitonic bipolaron which leadsto the formation of the stable anti-ferroelectric structure in thebilayer, wherein when an external field is applied, an polarization ofions and an excitation of valence electrons to conduction band create ancollective dipoles in the multilayer system through a propagation of adipole field (pseudo spin wave) from the electrodes to the empty states,wherein the interaction energy between an excitonic dipole and an ionicdipole depends upon the directions and positions of the dipoles in thebilayer, which is a quasi one dimensional interaction in the verticaldirection to the layers, wherein in a nanometer scale, a chargepolarization in quantum hetero-structure is a quantum dipole, whereinthe states of electronic and ionic dipoles are described in theeigenstates of two-level system, which represents a transition, whereinthe interaction terms of excitonic dipole and ionic dipole describe apropagation of pseudo spin waves across the layers in the directionvertical to the layer sheet, wherein the pseudo spin waves propagatecrossing the layers by an applied power, and as the pseudo spin wavespropagate in the vertical direction, the dipoles spread all over themultilayer structure as the power continues to be provided by anexternal field, wherein a mechanism for a charging process is induced bya polaron interaction, and by a polaron interaction and Coulomb force,the dipoles keep transforming into the anti-ferroelectric nanostructuresin charge, wherein a polaron interaction is so strong that the excitonsin the conductor layer have been broken into the electrons and the holesto form the positive polarons and the negative polarons in the bilayer,wherein the positive polarons on one conductor layer and the negativepolarons on the other conductor are combined together to form theexcitonic bipolarons in the bilayer, and wherein the mechanism for astoring energy in the multilayer structure is a transformation processof from the dipole system into an anti-ferroelectric nanostructurecreated by applied power in the bilayers, wherein the ionic or dipolematerial layers comprise an ionic or dipole materials selected from thegroup consisting of MgSO4, LiPF6, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3,LiSbF6, Li4Ti5O12, ionic polymers, and ionic minerals or any kind ofionic mineral materials and dipole materials, wherein the ionic ordipole material is MgSO4.
 2. The electric energy storage device of claim1, wherein each of the first and second conductor layers includesactivated carbons, electrically polarizing ionic materials, graphenes,carbon nanotubes, or any kind of conducting materials that should benanometer-scale in order to make a polaron interaction effective andsuitable to get doped with an ionic material for a conductor layer,ionic polymers, and ionic minerals.
 3. The electric energy storagedevice of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second conductor layersand the ionic or dipole material layers is two-dimensional with ananometer-scale thickness.
 4. The electric energy storage device ofclaim 1, wherein the first and second conductor layers are stacked ontop of each other and inbetween the dipole or ionic material layer issandwiched, so as to form a 2+1 dimensional multilayer, wherein each ofthe first and second conductor layers and the dipole or ionic materiallayer is 2-dimensional and forms a plane sheet which is not bent becauseof a dipole-dipole interaction depending on the directions of thedipoles, and a bending the sheet may change the interaction, and whereinthe dipole-dipole interaction between excitonic dipole and ionic dipoleis quasi one dimensional.
 5. The electric energy storage device of claim1, wherein the ionic or dipole material coated on the first and lastconductor layers has a substantially zero electric charge transportproperty so as to be an insulator and to make the materials polarizing.6. The electric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein ananometer-sized bound state of charge which is a quantum dipole isinduced and created by an applied external field, and the process of aquantum dipole formation in the multilayer is due to a dipole-dipoleinteraction of the electronic dipoles and ionic dipoles.
 7. The electricenergy storage device of claim 1, wherein a ferroelectric dipole systemis formed in the multilayer through a propagation of the dipolar pseudospin wave by an applied external DC field, wherein the dipole-dipoleinteraction is attractive in the quasi one dimensional vertical line tothe layers in the bilayer.
 8. The electric energy storage device ofclaim 1, wherein the dipole system in the multilayer begins to betransformed to an excitonic bipolaron and an anti-ferroelectricstructure by a polaron interaction and Coulomb forces in the bilayer,wherein a neutrality of the nanostructure helps a charging process. 9.The electric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the electricalenergy is stored in an anti-ferroelectric nanostructure as a bindingenergy in the bilayers as a form of charge double layer.
 10. Theelectric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein with respect to adensity of the system, a high capacity means a high electric energydensity and a high electronic charge density, wherein a nano-sized boundstate of charges in the bilayer is introduced, and the tens of millionsof the bilayers are stacked one by one so that the multilayer structureis formed in the three dimensional volume, and the layer density of themultilayer structure is very high, so that the stored energy density inthe multilayer is tremendously boosted.
 11. The electric energy storagedevice of claim 10, wherein the external AC guiding field is applied tothe electrical energy storage device for discharge, wherein theelectrical energy is stored inside the electric energy storage device inthree dimensional volume, and wherein the anti-ferroelectricnanostructure functions as a micro-voltaic power source in discharge,wherein the output voltaic power is a sum of the micro-voltaic power.12. The electric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein themechanical process of releasing the stored energy from theanti-ferroelectric structure is related to a propagation of antiparallelpseudo spin waves to the electrodes along with the applied guiding fieldin the vertical direction in discharging process.
 13. The electricenergy storage device of claim 1, wherein the antiparallel dipoles oftheir repulsive interaction propagate in the form of pseudo spins waveinto the electrodes by an external guiding field in discharging process.14. The electric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein at theelectrodes, the stored energy is released as a voltaic power by aguiding AC field because the interaction between the antiparalleldipoles in the quasi one dimensional line is repulsive.
 15. The electricenergy storage device of claim 1, wherein each of the first and secondconductor layers is made from one selected from the group consisting ofopen structured activated carbon powder, carbon nano tube, and graphene.16. The electric energy storage device of claim 15, wherein each of thefirst and second conductor layers is made from high surface areaactivated carbon powder of which pores scale is in a nanometer range.17. The electric energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the first andsecond conductor layers are formed by pressing activated carbon mixtureswith liquid ionic materials until the pore diameter is squeezed as aform of bilayer to the nanometer size in the multilayer structure. 18.The electric energy storage device of claim 17, wherein the multilayerstructure has a shape of a disc having about 0.2 g weight, about 3 mmdiameter, and about 2 mm thickness.
 19. An electric energy storagesystem of claim 11, wherein the direction of the electric current in theelectrodes and dipoles in the multilayer may be forward and backward inturns according to the external AC field, wherein the peak of outputpower depends upon a sample preparation, wherein oscillating dipoles inthe bilayer interact directly with oscillating electric vector ofexternal electric field at the resonance, wherein the most effectivefrequency range for discharge may be above the 15 Mhz, wherein the DCoutput voltage is measured from 12 MHz to 20 Mhz with a bridge rectifiercircuit, wherein the battery sample is connected parallel to therectifier, wherein DC voltage is measured with the battery and withoutthe battery in turns and then the difference is calculated, wherein thevalue of the voltage difference is positive in this frequency rangewhich is above the 15 Mhz, wherein the energy is produced by thebattery, wherein the difference value in the range below the 15 MHz isnegative, meaning that the energy is dissipated by the battery, whereinin the frequency range, the battery is functioning like a resistor orcapacitor.
 20. An electric energy storage system of claim 19, whereinthe charged battery is discharged autonomously without an external ACpower input with a feedback system, wherein the DC power produced by thebattery is used for extra work.